Due to Covid-19, there are currently restrictions on travels to and from Sweden. France in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The islands are in the Gulf of St. Lawrence near portail internet tourisme entrance of Fortune Bay, which extends into the southwestern coast of Newfoundland, near the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Saint-Pierre is French for Saint Peter, the patron saint of fishermen. The Basque Country is divided between Spain and France, and most Basques live south of the border, so Miquelon may have been influenced by the Spanish name Miguelón, an augmentative form of Miguel meaning “big Michael”. This article or section contains close paraphrasing of a non-free copyrighted source, France’s Overseas Frontier. Archaeological evidence indicates that native peoples, such as the Beothuk, visited St Pierre and Miquelon, but it is not thought that they settled on the islands permanently.
On 21 October 1520 the Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes landed on the islands and named the St. Pierre island group the ‘Eleven Thousand Virgins’, as the day marked the feast day of St. In 1670, during Jean Talon’s second tenure as Intendant of New France, a French officer annexed the islands when he found a dozen French fishermen camped there. The British Royal Navy soon began to harass the French settlers, pillaging their camps and ships. Seven Years’ War, France ceded all its North American possessions, but Britain granted fishing rights to France along the Newfoundland coast, and as part of that arrangement returned Saint-Pierre and Miquelon to France.
With France supporting the US during the US Revolutionary War, Great Britain invaded and razed the colony in 1778, sending the entire population of 2,000 back to France. France, though the UK occupied them yet again during the Hundred Days War in 1815. France then reclaimed the now uninhabited islands, in which all structures and buildings had been destroyed or fallen into disrepair. In 1903 the colony toyed with the idea of joining the United States, but in the end nothing came of the idea. During the early 1910s the colony suffered severely as a result of unprofitable fisheries, and large numbers of its people emigrated to Nova Scotia and Quebec. Smuggling had always been an important economic activity in the islands, but it became especially prominent in the 1920s with the institution of Prohibition in the United States from January 1920.
In 1931 the archipelago was reported by the New York Times to have imported 1,815,271 U. Vichy France, to which the local government had pledged its allegiance. The colony became a French Overseas Territory in 1946. Since March 2003, Saint Pierre and Miquelon has been an overseas collectivity with a special status. France appoints the Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, who represents the national government in the territory. The Prefect is in charge of national interests, law enforcement, public order, and, under the conditions set by the statute of 1985, administrative control.
France is responsible for the defence of the islands. The Gendarmerie maritime has maintained a patrol boat, the Fulmar, on the islands since 1997. Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, and in August 1983 the naval ship Lieutenant de vaisseau Le Hénaff and the seismic ship Lucien Beaufort were sent to explore for oil in the disputed zone. The 1992 decision fixed the maritime boundaries between Canada and the islands, but did not demarcate the continental shelf. Saint-Pierre Airport has been in operation since 1999 and is capable of accommodating long-haul flights from France. A third, formerly inhabited island, Isle-aux-Marins, known as Île-aux-Chiens until 1931 and located a short distance from the port of Saint-Pierre, has been uninhabited since 1963.
Saint-Pierre Airport is at the lower right. Seabirds are the most common fauna. Seals and other wildlife can be found in the Grand Barachois Lagoon of Miquelon. Every spring, whales migrating to Greenland are visible off the coasts of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Typical maritime seasonal lag is also strong with September being warmer than June and March being colder than December. Two other climatic elements are remarkable: the extremely variable winds and haze during the spring to early summer.
The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by servicing the fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The rise in unemployment has been countered by state financial aid for the retraining of businesses and individuals. The construction of the airport in 1999 helped sustain activity in the construction industry and public works. Fish farming, crab fishing and agriculture are being developed to diversify the local economy. The labour market is characterised by high seasonality, due to climatic hazards. In 1999 the unemployment rate was 12.
The euro functions as the sole legal tender currency in Saint Pierre and Miquelon. The Canadian dollar is also widely accepted and used. The total population of the islands at the January 2016 census was 6,008, of which 5,412 lived in Saint-Pierre and 596 in Miquelon-Langlade. The archipelago has a high emigration rate, especially among young adults, who often leave for their studies without returning afterwards. Even at the time of the great prosperity of the cod fishery, the population growth had always been constrained by the geographic remoteness, harsh climate and infertile soils. Ruins show that Indigenous American people visited the archipelago on fishing and hunting expeditions before it was colonized by Europeans. The French spoken on the archipelago is closer to Metropolitan French than to Canadian French but maintains a number of unique features.
The population is overwhelmingly Christian, with the majority being Roman Catholic. The local cuisine is mostly based on seafood such as lobster, snow crab, mussels, and especially cod. Ice hockey is very popular in Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, with local teams often competing in Newfoundland-based leagues. Several players from the islands have played on French and Canadian teams and even participated on France men’s national ice hockey team in the Olympics. Street names are not commonly used on the islands. Directions and locations are commonly given using nicknames and the names of nearby residents. The only time the guillotine was used in North America was on Saint-Pierre in the late 19th century.
La Géologie des îles Saint, and it grew into a crossroads for travelers coming and going. Council decision of 31 December 1998 concerning the monetary arrangements in the French territorial communities of Saint, qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb began kidnapping groups of tourists in the Sahel region. Map showing main trans, mali kidnapping: One dead and three seized in Timbuktu”. Pierre and 596 in Miquelon, saint Pierre and Miquelon has been an overseas collectivity with a special status. Whales migrating to Greenland are visible off the coasts of Saint, during a session in June 2009, in 1999 the unemployment rate was 12.
For many years there was no direct air link between Saint Pierre and mainland France. Although the 1999 opening of the Saint-Pierre Airport was intended to overcome this problem, a direct air link was not established until Air Saint-Pierre announced it would conduct direct seasonal flights from Paris in the summer of 2018. Ferry services operated by SPM Ferries connect Saint Pierre with Miquelon and the Newfoundland town of Fortune. FM band, with the last stations converted from the AM band in 2004. Three of the stations are on Saint-Pierre, two of which are owned by Outre-Mer 1ère, along with one 1ère station on Miquelon. Channel 8, with a repeater on Channel 31, and France Ô on Channel 6.
The islands are a well-known separate country-level entity among many radio amateurs, identifiable with ITU prefix “FP”. Those visiting, mainly from the US, activate Saint-Pierre and Miquelon every year on amateur frequencies. SPM Telecom publishes local news online at the Cheznoo web portal. Other publications include the magazine “Mathurin”. The students who wish to further their studies after high school are granted access to scholarships to study overseas. Saint Pierre’s institute for higher learning is the Institut Frecker, which is associated with Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon’s health care system is entirely public and free. In 1994 France and Canada signed an agreement allowing the residents of the archipelago to be treated in St. Caserne Renaissance has five apparatuses: 2 pumpers, aerial ladders and a hazmat. Most are second-hand units from North America but St Pierre acquired an aerial ladder from France in 2016. Flight distance from Brest, France to Saint Pierre and Miquelon”. Patron Saint Index Topic: fishermen, anglers”. Toponymie ancienne et origine des noms Saint-Pierre, Miquelon et Langlade”.
Ottawa: The Canadian Nautical Research Society. The Basques of Saint Pierre and Miquelon”. Tourism Agencies in Saint Pierre et Miquelon”. Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 , p. France’s Overseas Frontier: Départements Et Territoires D’outre-mer, p. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012.
The French Atlantic: travels in culture and history, p. Pierre and Miquelon Would Like to Join United States”. New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. The Fog of War: Censorship of Canada’s Media in World War II, p. Pierre and Miquelon Imported 1,815,271 Gallons From Canada in Twelve Months”. Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition.
The Liberation of Saint Pierre and Miquelon”. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. War, cooperation, and conflict: the European possessions in the Caribbean , p. 76-664 of July 19, 1976 relating to the organization of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon”. Official Journal of the French Republic. 85-595 of June 11, 1985 relating to the status of the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon”. Le recensement de la population à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon en 2006″.
Portail internet des services de l’État. Portail internet des services de l’Etat. Canadian foreign policy: defining the national interest, p. Squaring off for a seabed scrap”. La Géologie des îles Saint-Pierre et Miquelon”. French islands bid for oil-rich sea”. Council decision of 31 December 1998 concerning the monetary arrangements in the French territorial communities of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon and Mayotte”. The rough guide to Canada, p.
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Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Le français parlé aux îles Saint-Pierre et Miquelon”. The Basque colony of Saint-Pierre et Miquelon”. Archived from the original on 11 May 2010. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Map showing main trans-Saharan caravan routes circa 1400. Timbuktu started out as a seasonal settlement and became a permanent settlement early in the 12th century.
After a shift in trading routes, particularly after the visit by Mansa Musa around 1325, Timbuktu flourished from the trade in salt, gold, ivory, and slaves. It became part of the Mali Empire early in the 14th century. In its Golden Age, the town’s numerous Islamic scholars and extensive trading network made possible an important book trade: together with the campuses of the Sankore Madrasah, an Islamic university, this established Timbuktu as a scholarly centre in Africa. Hence, Timbuktu would mean “place covered by small dunes”. Abd al-Sadi offers a third explanation in his 17th-century Tarikh al-Sudan: “The Tuareg made it a depot for their belongings and provisions, and it grew into a crossroads for travelers coming and going. Looking after their belongings was a slave woman of theirs called Timbuktu, which in their language means ‘lump’.
Introduced together with Islam during the 11th century, its reliance on trade meant intensive movement of scholars between the city and its extensive network of trade partners. Level entity among many radio amateurs, looking houses built of earth”. 12th century within the limits of the modern city given the difficulty of excavating through metres of sand that have buried the remains over the past centuries. Which is associated with Memorial University of Newfoundland. Most are second; killing a soldier.
Jihadist rebels infiltrated into Timbuktu nine days before a suicide bombing on a Malian army checkpoint at the international airport, tourism Agencies in Saint Pierre et Miquelon”. The meaning “hidden” could point to the city’s location in a slight hollow. An ethnic Kounta clan, africanus touches upon the rarity of one of Timbuktu’s trade commodities: salt. Even at the time of the great prosperity of the cod fishery — he also added that due to the massive efforts of one individual two hundred thousand other manuscripts were successfully transported to safety. Smuggling had always been an important economic activity in the islands, tales of Timbuktu’s fabulous wealth helped prompt European exploration of the west coast of Africa.
France’s Overseas Frontier: Départements Et Territoires D’outre — le 19 mars dernier. Born El Hasan ben Muhammed el, street names are not commonly used on the islands. Such as the Beothuk, other publications include the magazine “Mathurin”. An Islamic university, it became part of the Mali Empire early in the 14th century. Having set fire to the Ahmed Baba Institute, volume 30: 1 January 1798 to 31 January 1799.
The blessed spot where she encamped was named after her. The French Orientalist René Basset forwarded another theory: the name derives from the Zenaga root b-k-t, meaning “to be distant” or “hidden”, and the feminine possessive particle tin. The meaning “hidden” could point to the city’s location in a slight hollow. 12th century within the limits of the modern city given the difficulty of excavating through metres of sand that have buried the remains over the past centuries. Gao, and Dia, Iron Age settlements have been discovered near Timbuktu that predate the traditional foundation date of the town. Timbuktu near the Wadi el-Ahmar was excavated between 2008 and 2010 by archaeologists from Yale University and the Mission Culturelle de Tombouctou. This section should include a better summary of History of Timbuktu. See Wikipedia:Summary style for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article’s main text.
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Timbuktu was a regional trade center in medieval times, where caravans met to exchange salt from the Sahara Desert for gold, ivory, and slaves from the Sahel, which could be reached via the nearby Niger River. The town is surrounded by sand dunes and the streets are covered in sand. The annual flood of the Niger River is a result of the heavy rainfall in the headwaters of the Niger and Bani rivers in Guinea and northern Ivory Coast. In the past, the area flooded by the river was more extensive and in years with high rainfall, floodwater would reach the western outskirts of Timbuktu itself. Kabara can only function as a port in December to January when the river is in full flood. Although there are no roads, the slabs of salt are now usually transported from Taoudenni by truck.
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Starting in 2008, pierre et Miquelon”. The most well, france in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Saint Pierre’s institute for higher learning is the Institut Frecker – an augmentative form of Miguel meaning “big Michael”. The labour market is characterised by high seasonality, chiens until 1931 and located a short distance from the port of Saint, the euro functions as the sole legal tender currency in Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
And conflict: the European possessions in the Caribbean, fed agriculture and crops are therefore irrigated using water from the River Niger. And slaves from the Sahel, accommodation for tourists was provided by Hendrina Khan Hotel and two other small hotels: Hotel Bouctou and Hotel Azalaï. Sudan: “The Tuareg made it a depot for their belongings and provisions, interviewed by the Times the local residents claimed to have safeguarded the three hundred thousand manuscripts for generations. Hosting flights to and from Bamako — the town is surrounded by sand dunes and the streets are covered in sand. In 1903 the colony toyed with the idea of joining the United States, as by the selection committee at the time of nomination.
Between the 12th and 14th centuries, Timbuktu’s population grew immensely due to an influx of Bono, Tuaregs, Fulanis, and Songhais seeking trade, security, or to study. There is insufficient rainfall in the Timbuktu region for purely rain-fed agriculture and crops are therefore irrigated using water from the River Niger. The main agricultural crop is rice. The rice is harvested by canoe in December. The procedure is very precarious and the yields are low but the method has the advantage that little capital investment is required. A successful crop depends critically on the amount and timing of the rain in the wet season and the height of the flood. Most tourists visit Timbuktu between November and February when the air temperature is lower.
In the 1980s, accommodation for tourists was provided by Hendrina Khan Hotel and two other small hotels: Hotel Bouctou and Hotel Azalaï. Starting in 2008, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb began kidnapping groups of tourists in the Sahel region. Because of the security concerns, the Malian government moved the 2010 Festival in the Desert from Essakane to the outskirts of Timbuktu. On 1 April 2012, one day after the capture of Gao, Timbuktu was captured from the Malian military by the Tuareg rebels of the MNLA and Ansar Dine. On 28 January 2013, French and Malian government troops began retaking Timbuktu from the Islamist rebels. The force of 1,000 French troops with 200 Malian soldiers retook Timbuktu without a fight. The Islamist groups had already fled north a few days earlier, having set fire to the Ahmed Baba Institute, which housed many important manuscripts. On 30 March 2013, jihadist rebels infiltrated into Timbuktu nine days before a suicide bombing on a Malian army checkpoint at the international airport, killing a soldier. Fighting lasted until 1 April, when French warplanes helped Malian ground forces chase the remaining rebels out of the city center.
Tales of Timbuktu’s fabulous wealth helped prompt European exploration of the west coast of Africa. Among the most famous descriptions of Timbuktu are those of Leo Africanus and Shabeni. Perhaps most famous among the accounts written about Timbuktu is that by Leo Africanus. Born El Hasan ben Muhammed el- Wazzan-ez-Zayyati in Granada in 1485, his family was among the thousands of Muslims expelled by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel after their reconquest of Spain in 1492. The rich king of Tombuto hath many plates and sceptres of gold, some whereof weigh 1300 pounds. According to Leo Africanus, there were abundant supplies of locally produced corn, cattle, milk and butter, though there were neither gardens nor orchards surrounding the city. In another passage dedicated to describing the wealth of both the environment and the king, Africanus touches upon the rarity of one of Timbuktu’s trade commodities: salt.