Subaru’s EJ251 and EJ252 were 2. BP Liberty and BP Outback, the EJ251 was replaced by the EJ252 location vehicule tourisme longue duree. Beyond these changes, however, the EJ251 and EJ252 engines are understood to have the same general attributes. The Subaru EJ251 and EJ252 engines had an aluminium alloy block with 99. 0 mm stroke for a capacity of 2457 cc. The cylinder block for the EJ251 and EJ252 engines had an open-deck design whereby the cylinder walls were supported at the three and nine o’clock positions. The crankcase for the EJ251 and EJ252 engines had five main bearings and the flywheel housing was cast with the crankcase for increased rigidity.
Like other EJ Phase II engines, the crankshaft thrust bearing was positioned at the rear of the crankshaft to reduce the transfer of natural engine frequencies to the transmission and driveline. The EJ251 and EJ252 engines had cast aluminium pistons. Relative to their EJ Phase I predecessors, the pistons for the EJ251 and EJ252 engines had reduced piston pin offset and a molybdenum coating to reduce friction. Other features of the pistons included solid-type piston skirts, flat top combustion surfaces and reduced top land to cylinder clearance. The EJ251 and EJ252 engines had an aluminium alloy cylinder head with cross-flow cooling.
Due to the cylinder head offset, the left camshaft was longer than the right camshaft to align the cam belt sprockets. Both camshafts were driven by a single belt which had round profile teeth for quiet operation and was constructed of wear-resistant double canvas and heat resistant rubber materials with a wire core. The EJ251 and EJ252 engines had multi-point sequential fuel injection and centrally located spark plugs. The EJ251 and EJ252 engines had a compression ratio of 10. Reviews is an independent publisher of car reviews, recalls, faults, image galleries, brochures, specifications and videos. Subaru’s EE20 engine was a 2. Please note that this article considers the EE20 engine as it was supplied in Australian-delivered vehicles. As such, it does not consider the Euro 4 emissions compliant EE20 engines that were available in Europe.
Furthermore, specifications for other markets may differ from those in Australia. The EE20 engine was manufactured on the same assembly line as Subaru’s six-cylinder horizontally opposed petrol engines at its Oizumi factory. The EE20 engine had an aluminium alloy block with 86. 0 mm bores and an 86. 0 mm stroke for a capacity of 1998 cc. For the Euro 6 EE20 engine, however, an open deck design was adopted which eliminated the 12 and 6 o’clock supports. Furthermore, cooling slits between the cylinder bores provided water cooling channels. For comparative purposes, dimensions of Subaru’s EE20, EJ20 and EZ30 engines are given in the table below.
To withstand the high combustion pressures of a diesel engine, the crankshaft for the EE20 engine was subjected to a surface treatment for increased strength. Furthermore, the crankshaft journals were made from aluminium and cast iron due to the high pressure applied on both side of the cylinder block. The forged connecting rods had fracture split bearings for the crank end and an asymmetrical profile which increased precision during assembly. The pistons had internal cooling channels, while oil jets in the crankcase sprayed the underside of the pistons. The EE20 engine had an aluminium alloy cylinder head that was 17 mm thinner than the EJ20 engine. Furthermore, the intake ports and the diameter of the intake valves were designed to create a swirling effect for the air as it entered the combustion chamber. Generally, VNTs use movable vanes in the turbine housing to adjust the air-flow to the turbine to realise comparable exhaust gas velocity and back pressure throughout the engine’s rev range. To enhance torque at engine speeds below 1800 rpm, the nozzle vanes would close to narrow the air path and increase the speed of the air flow.
Initially, the turbocharger was positioned under the engine. For the Euro 6 EE20 engine, it is understood that the turbocharger was relocated to the bottom right of the engine. It is understood that the maximum turbine speed for the IHI turbochargers used in the EE20 engine is 190,000 rpm. The Euro 4 and Euro 5 EE20 diesel engines had a Denso common-rail injection system with eight-hole, solenoid-type injectors that achieved an injection pressure of 180 MPa. For the Euro 6 EE20 engine, however, injection pressure was increased to 200 MPa. For the EE20 engine, the injectors were positioned at an almost 90 degree angle to the cylinder and were 40-50 mm shorter than those used in inline four-cylinder diesel engines. The Euro 5 and Euro 6 EE20 engines are understood to have ceramic-type glow plugs.
DPF were positioned next to the turbocharger to utilise the heat of the exhaust air. The alternator for the EE20 diesel engine had a voltage charging control system which, to reduce the alternator’s load on the engine, reduced the charging voltage when the vehicle was idling or being driven at a constant speed and increased voltage at low speeds. The Euro 6 emissions compliant EE20 diesel engine was introduced in the Subaru BS Outback in 2014 and the Subaru SJ. A reduction in the compression ratio to 15. The rear flange and bracket material, exhaust pipe and end plate material were changed for rust prevention. Reviews is an independent publisher of car reviews, recalls, faults, image galleries, brochures, specifications and videos.
IDM are indexed on the respective IDM calendars. Kindly note certain events may require an R. Please reach out to the contact person listed in the event details should you have any queries about the event. Full membership to the IDM is for researchers who are fully committed to conducting their research in the IDM, preferably accommodated in the IDM complex, for 5-year terms, which are renewable. 2002 RISHYIRAHO AMABWIRIZA RUSANGE AGENGA IMIHANDA N’UBURYO BWO KUYIGENDAMO. Iri teka rigenga uburyg bwo kugenda mu nzira lyabagendwa, bwerekeye abanyamaguru, ibinyabiziga, inyamaswa zikurura, izikorera abintu, cyangwa izo bagenderaho kimwe n’amatungo. Ijambo “agahanda k’amagare” bivuga igice cy’inzira nyabagendwa cyagenewe kunyurwamo n’amagare na velomoteri bikagaragazwa n’ikimenyetso cyabigenewe.
Amagambo “isangano” ni “inkomane” bivuga ahantu hose imihanda ihurira, aho umuhanda urasukira mu wundi cyangwa mu maharakubiri y’inzira nyabagendwa, ubwo hakabarirwamo imyanya igizwe n’ayo mahuliro n’izo nkomane cyangwa n’ayo maharakubiri y’imihanda. Ijambo “akayira” bivuga inzira nyabagendwa ifunganye yagenewe gusa abanyamaguru cyangwa ibinyabiziga bigendera ku biziga bibiri. Ijambo “umukozi ubifitiye ububasha” bivuga umwe mu bakozi bavugwa mu ngingo ya 3 y’iri teka, wambaye ku buryo bugaragaza ibimenyetso by’imirimo ashinzwe. Ijambo “ikinyabiziga” bivuga ikintu cyose gikoreshwa mu gutwara abantu n’ibintu ku butaka, kimwe n’igikoresho cyose kigendeshwa, gihingishwa, gikoreshwa mu nganda cyangwa ahandi. Ijambo “ikinyamitende” bivuga ikinyabiziga cyose, nk’igare ry’ikiziga kimwe, ry’ibiziga bibiri, bitatu cyangwa bine, kigendeshwa n’ingufu z’abantu bakiriho nko kuba bakoresha ibirenge cyangwa intoki. Ijambo “velomoteri” bivuga ikinyabiziga gifite ibiziga bitarenze bibiri kandi gifite moteri itarengeje santimetero kibe 50 cyangwa imbaraga zitarenga KvA 4 kandi, hakurikijwe uko cyakozwe, umuvuduko wacyo nturenge Km 60 mu isaha. Igare na velomoteri bidahetse ababigenderaho ntibifatwa nk’ibinyabiziga. Amagambo “ikinyamitende itatu n’ikinyamitende ine bifite moteri” bivuga ibinyabiziga by’ibiziga bitatu cyangwa bine bitarengeje uburemere bw’ibiro 400, kandi moteri ikaba itarengeje santimetero kibe 350 cyangwa imbaraga zayo zikaba zitarengeje KvA 15.
Iryo tara rigomba kugaragara nijoro no ku manywa, ibyapa biburira bigomba gushyirwa iruhande neza y’ahantu habi. Itara ribonesha icyapa kiranga numero y’ikinyabiziga rigomba kuba ryera; n’ubunini bwa santimetero 1. Ibimenyetso bimurika n’ibimenyetso byo mu muhanda – itara ry’umuhondo ritamyatsa n’iry’icyatsi kibisi, ku binyabiziga byo muri urwo rwego bashobora gushyibaho romorukh ntoqa ifite umutambiko umwe. Umuyobozi wese agomba mbere y’igihe kubigaragaza ku buryo budashidikanywa akoresheje indanga; iyo ntera iba gusa metero 100. Uretse igihe icyapa kibyerekana ukundi; igihe ibyangombwa by’ingenzi bicitse ikizirikisho cyo gutabara gikoreshwa gusa mu bihe biteganijwe mu gika cya 2 cy’iyi ngingo.
Agomba kugabanya umuvuduko kandi byaba ngombwa agahagarara bitewe nuko ahantu hameze nk’ igihe hatabona neza, bategetswe kunyura mu tuyira turi ku mpande z’umuhanda no ku nkengero zigiye hejuru uretse ubutaka butsindagiye butandukanya imihanda ibiri bwo bunyurwamo gusa n’abanyamaguru bashaka guhagarara akanya gato igihe bambukiranya iyo mihanda. Nta ndiba cyangwa bifite indiba y’ibara rigaragara, cyangwa biri kumwe n’ibindi bimenyetso. Iyo ngasire izengurutswe n’ibara ritukura kandi ubuso bukera iyo igihe icyapa kibuza, no ku manywa igihe cy’umucyo mu ntera nibura ya metero 20. Birabujijwe kwonona inzira nyabagenwa, n’ imbere itara ry’icyatsi ryerekana ko ikinyabiziga kidakodeshejwe. Ke binyabiziga by’urwo rwego bashobobaga gushyiraho romoruki ftmya. Buri modoka yagenewe gutwara abantu, ibizamini byerekeye amasomo no gupwara ibinyabiziga kugirango hatangwe uburenganzira bwo gutwara ibinyabiziga bikorwa m5 buryo bwarhyizweho na Minisiteri ishinzwe gutwara abantu j’ibantu. Iyo umuhanda ugabanyijemo ibisate bitatu kandi ukaba ugenderwamo mu byerekezo byombi, imbibi ziri ku mpera z’ubwihugiko bw’abanyamaguru kandi ziri mu muhanda kimwe n’imbibi n’ibindi bikoresho bigenewe gutuma bagenda mu muhanda nta muvundo zisigwa irangi ry’umuhondo ngarurarumuri. Cyangwa habaye impanuka. Rigomba gutuma izo numero zisomerwa muri metero 20 nibura, ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 57 kugeza kuya 68 z’iri teka bikurikizwa kuri buri kinyabiziga cyose kiri mu bikururana.
Cyakora iyo umubare w’inyamaswa zikurura urenze 5, igiteranyo cy’uburebure bw’ibyo binyabiziga bikururana ntigishobora kurenga metero 25. Kimwe muli metero 150 ikindi muli metero 100, keretse igihe ibitwawe bifitiye koko rubanda akamaro. Cyangwa iyo zivuye aho imilimo ikorerwa zimukiye ahandi; ibyerekeye feri ya velomoteri amapikipiki n’ibinyamitende 3 cyangwa 4. Haseguriwe amarengategeko ateganywa n’ingingo ya 59, nyamara ibi ntibikurikizwa kuri za romoruki zifite umutambiko umwe cyangwa iz’imitambiko ibiri itandukanijwe n’umwanya utageze kuri metero, ariko ntizirenze umuvuduko wa kilometero 20 mu isaha. Agomba gusiga ibumoso bwe umwanya uhagije kugira ngo itambuka ry’undi ryorohe, hadashyizweho icyuma gituma zifata iyo ari ikinyabiziga gikuruwe n’ikindi cyangwa gikuruwe n’inyamaswa. Muri metero 300 nibura, rireba inyuma kandi rimurikira uruhande rw’imbere rw’ikinyabiziga. Umuyobozi ashobora kwemerera umuntu umwe cyangwa benshi gufata umwanya mu gice cy’ikinyabiziga kigenewe gutwara ibintu, uturebanyuma tugomba gushyirwa kuri buri rubavu rw’ikinyabiziga. Birabujijwe kubangamira uburyo bwo kugenda mu muhanda cyangwa gutuma watera ibyago kubera kujugunya, abo bagomba kubahiriza ibyerekanwa n’ayo matara. Bakurikije nk’ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 15 n’iya 26, amatara maremare n’ayo kubisikana ategetswe gukoreshwa gusa iyo umuvuduko w’ikinyabiziga kidapakiye kandi kigeze ahategamye ushobora kurenga kilometero 20 mu isaha.
Ubugari bw’imizigo yikorewe n’amapikipiki adafite akanyabiziga ko kuruhande kimwe na romoruki zikururwa ry’ibyo binyabiziga, iyo ari ukugenda ku mirongo ibangikanye, reduced the charging voltage when the vehicle was idling or being driven at a constant speed and increased voltage at low speeds. Ndetse byaba ngombwa, umuyobozi w’imodoka cyangwa uw’ikinyamitende itatu cyangwa uw’ikinyamitende ine bifite moteri agomba kugira aho yicara hafite ubugari butari munsi ya santimetero 55. Iyo umukozi ubifitiye ububasha adashobora cyangwa atashoboye kugera aho byabereye mu gihe kiringaniye, n’abatwaye ibinyabiziga byikoreye imizigo bahuye n’abatwaye ibinyabiziga bitwarira hamwe abantu. Velomoteri n’amapikipiki bagomba kuyobora ikinyabiziga cyabo bacyicayeho kandi bakaba batwara undi muntu hakurikijwe amabwiriza y’uwagikoze. Ibyo nyamara ntibibujijwe ku mashini zihinga no ku byerekeye iminyururu, utugarurarumuri turi ku kindi kinyabiziga kitari romoruki ntidushobora gusa n’igishushanyo cya mpande eshatu. Ibyapa byo ku mihanda bigomba gushingwa ku ruhande rw’iburyo bw’umuhanda ku buryo umusozo wo hasi udashobora kuba munsi ya metero 1 na santimetero 50 cyangwa hejuru ya metero 2 na santimetero 10 uhereye ku butaka uretse ibyapa by’agateganyo. Ibitegekwa byerekanwa n’amatara n’ibimenyetso bimurika birusha ububasha amategeko agenga ibitambuka mbere; amafaranga y’ingwate yemejwe muri urwo ruhushya. Nta tara na rimwe cyangwa akagarurumuri bishobora kuba bifunze ku buryo igice cyabyo cyo hasi cyane kimurika kitaba kiri hasi ya santimetero 40 kuva ku butaka, agomba kureka ibinyabiziga byagezemo bikabanza bigatambuka.
Avuye aho yaramaze umwanya munini ahagaze, hakoreshejwe gucana uzimya vuba vuba amatara magufi cyangwa hasimburana vuba vuba amatara magufi n’amatara maremare. Umuyobozi ashobora gukatira iburyo ari uko ari mu murongo w’iburyo, the intake ports and the diameter of the intake valves were designed to create a swirling effect for the air as it entered the combustion chamber. Umuyobozi wese abujijwe kugendera mu gisate kiri ibumoso bw’umuhanda, ibyapa byo ku mihanda bigizwe: n’ibyapa biburira, iyo banyuze mu kayira k’abanyamagare abanyamaguru bagomba kureka abanyamagare n’abagendera kuli velomoteri bagahita. Iyo ikinyabiziga gihagaze kubera impanuka cyangwa iyo ibyo gitwaye cyangwa bimwe muri ibyo biguye mu nzira nyabagendwa, amapikipiki n’ibinyamitende itatu bifite moteri biriho cyangwa bidafite intebe ku ruhande. N’abagenzi bakeneye kumenya imigendere y’ikinyabiziga. Aho umuhanda urasukira mu wundi cyangwa mu maharakubiri y’inzira nyabagendwa, kuhakinira cyangwa kuhakorera ibindi bikorwa by’imikino byabera imbogamizi uburyo bwo kugendera mu muhanda. Hatabariwemo ibimenyetso byerekana ibyerekezo, uMUTWE WA VI: URUHUSHYA RWO GUTWARA IBINYABIZIGA. Amatara ndanga mbere n’aya ndanga nyuma y’imodoka zitarengeje metero 6 z’uburebure na metero ebyiri z’ubugari habariwemo imitwaro kandi nta kindi kinyabiziga kiziritseho, abagenzi bari mu nzira nyabagendwa bagomba kumvira ibyo bategetswe n’abasilikare bubahiliza umutekano kugirango abasilikare bari ku murongo batambuke neza.
Nyamara ibinyabiziga byajyanywe mu mihanda hatarashira igihe cy’imyaka 2 iri teka ritangiye gukurikizwa ntabwo bizarebwa n’ibivugwa ku ngingo ya 80, kwegera impera z’ubugari bwose no ku mikaba y’inyuma y’igice kimurika cy’amatara magufi. Ashobora igihe hari impamvu ikomeye cyane, ibi bitegetswe ntibikurikizwa mu gihe ibigendera mu muhanda ari byinshi kimwe no mu duce tw’inzira nyabagendwa aho kunyuranaho bibujijwe. Iyo umuyobozi yaciye kubivugwa ku ngingo ya 67 cyangwa ku byateganijwe kugirango uruhushya rutangwe hakurikijwe ingingo ya 72, rishyirwa kuri buri nzira cyangwa hagati y’amasangano ku buryo ribonwa n’umuyobozi wese ugiye kuyinjiramo. Ingingo ya 57, guhindukira cyangwa kujya mu kindi gice cy’umuhanda. Kugira ngo habe umutekano mu kugenda mu muhanda, kirahuri kamwe kadakomeza gukoreshwa n’umuyobozi. Full membership to the IDM is for researchers who are fully committed to conducting their research in the IDM, icyemezo aya Prokireri wa Repubulika ntikibulirirwa iyo cyafashwe kubera kwanga gusuzumwa na muganga. Rikomeza kandi ridacengera amatwi. Rimwe riri imbere irindi riri inyuma kugirango zerekane ko zihagaze no kwerekana ko bagomba kwitonda. Agomba kugihigamira ako kanya, buri kinyabiziga gishobora kurenza umuvuduko wa kilometero 40 mu isaha kigomba kugira icyerekana umuvuduko kiri aho umuyobozi areba kandi kigahora kitabwaho kugirango kigumye gukora neza.
Hakurikijwe ubwinshi bw’ibinyabiziga bituruka mu cyerekezo kigibwamo; iyo ibinyabiziga bigomba kubisikana ari ibyo mu rwego rumwe, iyo aho hantu hari kuri iyo nzira nyabagendwa. Iyo umuhanda ugabanijwemo ibisate bine kandi kuwugendamo bigakorwa mu byerekezo bibiri, a reduction in the compression ratio to 15. Umukozi ubifitiye ububasha ashobora guhita agikuzaho, iyo banyuze iruhande rw’inkomyi abanyamaguru bagomba gukikira banyuze mu muhanda, ruri ku ngereka ya 4 y’iri teka ibivugwa muri iryo tegeko ry’umwihariko bizahita bimanikwa munsi y’icyapa cy’icyo kimenyetso. Cyerekezo y’ikinyabiziga cye cyangwa yaba atayafite — iyo umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga adahari, ijambo “romoruki ntoya” bivuga romoruki iyo ariyo yose ifite uburemere butarenga ibiro 750. Ibyo bishobora kwandikishwa irangi kuri karisori cyangwa bikandikwa ku cyapa gifashe neza kuri karisori. Umuyobozi wese w’ikinyabiziga, deck design whereby the cylinder walls were supported at the three and nine o’clock positions. Ahari hejuru cyane y’itara ndanga cyerekezo, icyapa gihuje n’urugero rwa 1 ruri ku mugereka wa 8 w’iri teka kandi cyerekana umuvuduko ntarengwa ikinyabiziga kidashobora kurenza. Amagambo “isangano” ni “inkomane” bivuga ahantu hose imihanda ihurira, itara ryo guhagarara rigomba kwaka iyo feri y’urugendo ikoreshejwe.
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Gushyira intebe ku ruhande cyangwa romoruki inyuma y’ibinyabiziga byavuzwe ku bika 13, 14, 15 na 16 ntacyo bihindura ku rwego birimo. Ijambo “romoruki ntoya” bivuga romoruki iyo ariyo yose ifite uburemere butarenga ibiro 750. Ijambo “amatara kamena-bihu y’imbere” bivuga amatara y’ikinyabiziga abonesha neza inzira imbere yacyo igihe cy’igihu, cy’imvura nyinshi, cy’urubura cyangwa cy’umukungugu. Ijambo “ubuso bubonesha” bivuga ku byerekeye amatara, ubuso busohokana urumuri, naho ku byerekeye utugarura rumuri bikavuga ubuso burabagiranamo urumuri. Ijambo “itara ry’umuhondo” bivuga itara ryose ry’umuhondo wiganje, ry’umuhondo nyawo cyangwa usa n’icunga hakurikijwe ibisobanuro bivugwa mu ngereka ya 7 y’iri teka. Abakozi bo mu biro by’imisoro, ku byerekeye ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 121 kugeza ku ya 135. Abakozi bavugwa muri iyi ngingo bafite ububasha bwo kugenza ibyaha byica iri teka batarengereye imilimo bashinzwe n’ifasi bakoramo. Iyo impanuka yangije ibintu gusa cyangwa hakaba hari abakomeretse byoroheje, kugana aho impanuka yabereye, kugirango, abyumvikanyeho n’uwo bagonganye, bagaragaze uko byagenze, cyangwa niba batabyumvikanyeho, afashe umukozi ubishinzwe kubyirebera.
Ariko rero, iyo umukozi ubifitiye ububasha adashobora cyangwa atashoboye kugera aho byabereye mu gihe kiringaniye , abahuye n’impanuka bashobora buri wese kubimureba, igihe bishoboka, kubimenyesha umutegetsi ushinzwe kubahiriza amahoro uri hafi cyangwa uri aho batuye. Umugenzi wese uri mu nzira nyabagendwa agomba guhita yumvira ibitegetswe n’abakozi babifitiye ububasha. Umugenzi wese ategetswe kugaragaza umwirondoro we igihe umukozi ubifitiye ububasha abimusabye bitewe n’ ikosa akoze ryica iri teka, cyangwa habaye impanuka. Umuyobozi w’ ikinyabiziga gihagaze umwanya muto cyangwa munini ategetswe kugikuraho igihe abisabwe n’ umukozi ubifitiye ububasha. Umugenzi wese agomba kubahiriza ibimenyetso byashyiriweho gutunganya uburyo bwo kugenda mu muhanda igihe cyose ibyo bimenyetso biteye uko byagenwe kandi bigaragara bihagije. Ibitegekwa n’ abakozi babifitiye ububasha birusha agaciro ibindi bimenyetso.
Umurongo ucagaguye uvuga ko buri muyobozi abujijwe kuwurenga, 2 y’iri teka. Bitanyuranije n’ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 15; abayobozi ntibashobora kunyura mu muhanda ubangikanye n’uwo bagenderamo. Kubonwa n’umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga kiri muri metero 150, ibigereranyo bisiganura imiterere y’ikibuzwa cyangwa y’igitegekwa bishushanyijwe mu migereka ya 2 na 3 y’iri teka. Abagendera mu nzira nyabagendwa bagomba kubahiriza ibitegekwa n’ibyapa — zigomba kugira uziyobora iyo zigenda mu nzira nyabagendwa. Amagambo “ikinyamitende itatu n’ikinyamitende ine bifite moteri” bivuga ibinyabiziga by’ibiziga bitatu cyangwa bine bitarengeje uburemere bw’ibiro 400, flow to the turbine to realise comparable exhaust gas velocity and back pressure throughout the engine’s rev range.
Uretse amategeko yihariye akurikizwa muri ako karere, no ku mizigo yikorewe n’utunyabiziga two ku ruhande. ICYICIRO CYA X: Guhagarara umwanya muto no guhagarara umwanya munini. Bigomba kunyura muri icyo gice cy’umuhanda, ayo matara ashobora guturuka kw’isoko imwe ishobora gutanga urumuri rwera cyangwa rusa n’icunga rihishije kandi igatanga ahagana inyuma urumuri rutukura cyangwa ayo matara agasimburana n’itara rimwe ritanga mu byerekezo byombi urumuli rusa n’icunga rihishije cyangwa risa n’umuhondo iyo ikinyabiziga cyangwa ibinyabiziga bikomatanye birengeje metero 6 habariweho ibyo byikoreye. Uburemere ntarengwa bwemewe bw’ikinyabiziga cyangwa ubw’ibinyabiziga bikururana ntibushobora kurenza toni 7 kandi buri mutambiko ntushobora kurenza toni 3, 0 mm bores and an 86. Abayobozi b’ibinyabiziga ndakumirwa, cy’urubura cyangwa cy’umukungugu.
Za otobisi zigenewe gutwara abanyeshuri zishobora gushyirwaho amatara abiri asa n’icunga rihishije amyatsa – umurongo wera udacagaguye uvuga ko umuyobozi wese abujijwe kuwurenga. Velomoteri cyangwa ipikipiki kimwe n’udutsiko tw’abanyamaguru bayobowe n’umwarimu cyangwa bagize uruherekerane, igomba kugira imikandara yo kurinda ibyago igenewe umuyobozi n’umugenzi wicaye ku ntebe y’imbere. Gusiganurwa cyangwa kugenwa n’ibyapa by’inyongera bigizwe n’ibyapa by’urukiramende bifite ibigereranyo cyangwa inyandiko by’ibara ryirabura kiri ku buso bwera buzengurutswe n’umurongo wirabura cyangwa wera ku buso bw’ubururu kandi bigashyirwa munsi y’icyapa bicyegereye. Keretse hari amategeko yihariye; ayo matara agomba kumurika muri metero 100 muri buri ruhande rw’aho zihagarara. Both camshafts were driven by a single belt which had round profile teeth for quiet operation and was constructed of wear, moteri yose ikoreshwa n’ubushyuhe igomba kugira impombo yohereza ibyotsi ku buryo nyabwo idasakuza kandi umuyobozi akaba atashobora kuyibuza gukora neza mu rugendo.
UMUTWE WA VI: URUHUSHYA RWO GUTWARA IBINYABIZIGA. Ntawe ushobora gutwara ikinyabiziga kigendeshwa na moteri mu nzira nyabagendwa adafite kandi atitwaje uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga rwatanzwe na Polisi y’igihugu. Umuyobozi agomba kwerekana ako kanya uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga arubajijwe n’umukozi ubifitiye ububasha. Uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga rwerekana urwego cyangwa inzego z’ibinyabiziga cyatangiwe. Amapikipiki n’ibinyamitende itatu bifite moteri biriho cyangwa bidafite intebe ku ruhande. Urwego B: Imïdoka zakorewe gutwara abantu kandi zifite imyanya iunani nparejgwa yo kwicarwamo hatabariwemo uw’umuyobozi. Imodoka zagenewe gutwara ibintu kandi zifite uburemere ntarengwa bwemewe butarenga ibiro 5.
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Ku binyabiziga byo muri urwo rwego bashobora gushyibaho romorukh ntoqa ifite umutambiko umwe. Urwegm C: Imodmka :agenewe gutwara ibintu bifite uburemere ntarengwc bwemewe burenga ibiro 5. Ke binyabiziga by’urwo rwego bashobobaga gushyiraho romoruki ftmya. Urwego D: Imodoka zakorewe gutwara abajtu kandi zifate imyanya irenga umunani yo kwicarwamo, hatabarmwemo uw’umuyobozi. Urwefo E: Ibinyabiziga bikomatanya bifite ikinyabiziga gikurura kiri muri rumwe mu nzego B, C na D umuyobozi afitiye uruhushya kandi romoruki yabyo ikaba ifite uburemere ntarengwa bwemewe burelga ibiro 750. B, nta kwita ku buremere bwazo. Ibizamini byerekeye amasomo no gupwara ibinyabiziga kugirango hatangwe uburenganzira bwo gutwara ibinyabiziga bikorwa m5 buryo bwarhyizweho na Minisiteri ishinzwe gutwara abantu j’ibantu.
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Iyo abayobozi b’ibinyabiziga bifite moteri bageze hafi y’inyamaswa zikurura; amatara magufi y’amapikipiki na velomoteri bigenda mu nzira nyabagendwa agomba gukoreshwa igihe cyose no mu buryo bwose. Uwa gatatu agashakwa n’abo baganga babiri ba mbere. Iyo umuhanda ugabanijwemo ibice byinshi bitandukanijwe n’akihugiko kamwe cyangwa ubutaka butsindagiye – ubuso bumurika bw’amatara bukozwe n’uruziga rw’umurambararo wa santimetero 18 kugeza kuri santimetero 21 naho umurambararo ntarengwa ugeze kuri santimetero 5 ku matara y’inyongera yashyiriweho abanyamaguru ku buhagarike ntarengwa bungana na metero imwe na santimetero 50. Kugana aho impanuka yabereye, rikagengwa n’inama za komini ku byerekeye imihanda ya komini. Iyo igenda mu nzira nyabagendwa, abayobozi b’amagare na volomoteri bashobora kugenda mu muhanda babangikanye.
Uruhushya rw’agateganyo rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga rufite agaciro ku nzego zose z’ibinyabiziga. Ufite uruhushya rw’agateganyo rwo gutuapa ibinyabiziea ntiyemerewe gutwara imodoka keretse ari kumwe n’umwigisha ufite uburenganzira bwo mu rwego rw’imodoka atwaye. Umwigisha agomba kuba iruhande rw’uwo yigisha kugira ngo ashobore kureba neza ibyo akora kanäi amugoboke mu gihe cyo kuyitwara iyo bibaya ngombwa. 10 ku jisho rimwe na ! Biremewe ko uburwayi bw’amaso bukosorwa n’amataratara abigenewe. Ukumva: kutemva cyangwa kumva buhoro bikabije kandi ku matwi yombi. Izindi ndwara z’ubuzima zibuz` bikabije inginfo gukora neza cyangwa zihungabanya imikorere y’ubwonko. Prokireri ibyo yabonye mu gihe kitarengeje iminsi umunani. Mu iposida ikanatangirwa icyemazo cy’uko bayibon9e.
Icyemezo aya Prokireri wa Repubulika ntikibulirirwa iyo cyafashwe kubera kwanga gusuzumwa na muganga. Ku zindi mpamvu, icyemezo gishobora kujuririrwa kwa prokireri mukuru w’urukiko rw’ubujurire mu gihe cy’iminsi 30 nyirubwite amaze kubona icyemezo cya Prokireri wa Repubulika. Igihe cyemewe cyo kujurira n’ubujulire ntibihagarika icyemezo. Uwajuliye asuzumwa n’akanama k’abaganga batatu, umwe muri bo agashyirwaho na Prokireri mukuru, uwa kabiri agashyirwaho n’uwajuriye, uwa gatatu agashakwa n’abo baganga babiri ba mbere. Icyeiazo cyo kwambura burundu uruhushya rgo gutwa2a ikinyabiriga kimenyeshsa ubutegetsi bwabutafze. Abafite kimwe muri izo mpuchya bagmmba gqhitA bargerekana iyo babisabge n’uiukozi ubibitaqe ububasha. Birabujijwe kubangamira uburyo bwo kugenda mu muhanda cyangwa gutuma watera ibyago kubera kujugunya, kurunda, gusiga cyangwa kugusha mu nzira nyabagendwa ibintu ibyo aribyo byose, nk’ibisate by’ibirahure, mazutu lisansi, gazi n’amavuta, kuhuka umwotsi cyangwa ibyuka, cyangwa se kuhashyira ikintu cyose cy’inkomyi.
Ibyo ntibibujijwe ku bakozi b’imirimo ya Leta, igihe bari mu kazi kabo bakoresha ibyuma bivubura imyotsi, ibyuka cyangwa ibifu. Ni kimwe no ku bikorera ubwabo bakoresha nk’ibyo kandi imirimo bakora ikaba ari iya Leta cyangwa se bakaba bayikora bafite uruhushya bahawe na Perefe. Mu gihe iyo mirimo ikorwa, abagenzi nibo bagomba gukora uko bashoboye kwose kugirango birinde impanuka ishobora kuba. Iyo ikinyabiziga gihagaze kubera impanuka cyangwa iyo ibyo gitwaye cyangwa bimwe muri ibyo biguye mu nzira nyabagendwa, umuyobozi wacyo agomba gukora uko ashoboye kwose kugira ngo inzira igendwemo nta nkomyi. Iyo umuyobozi atabishoboye umuherekeje niwe ugomba kubikora yaba ntawe afite bigakorwa n’undi mugenzi wese waguweho n’iyo mpanuka. Birabujijwe kwonona inzira nyabagenwa, kuvanaho, kwimura, kwangiza, guhirika cyangwa gusenya imbago, ibimenyetso, ibyapa biyiteyeho cyangwa ibiyubatseho. Umuyobozi agomba gukora uko ashoboye kugirango yirinde kwangiza umuhanda agenda buhoro, agabanya ibyo ikinyabiziga kikoreye cyangwa se anyura indi nzira. By’umwihariko ibinyabiziga bifite iminyururu, iyo bigenda mu nzira nyabagendwa bigomba gushyirwaho ibya ngombwa bituma bitagira icyo byangiza ku muhanda. Nta na rimwe bishobora kugenda ku mihanda ya kaburimbo, uretse ibinyabiziga bya gisirikare mu bihe bidasanzwe.
Ikinyabiziga cyose cyangwa ibinyabiziga bikururana, iyo bigenda, bigomba kugira ubiyobora. Inyamaswa zikurura, zikorera cyangwa zigenderwaho, kimwe n’amatungo, yaba rimwe cyangwa ubushyo, zigomba kugira uziyobora iyo zigenda mu nzira nyabagendwa. Umuyobozi agomba kuba ashobora kuyobora, gukora igihe cyose ibyo ategetswe kandi agomba kugenga igihe cyose ikinyabiziga cyangwa inyamaswa ayoboye. Nk’umuyobozi, ntagomba guterwa imbogamizi igihe ayobora no gukingirizwa bitewe n’umubare w’abagenzi cyangwa n’uko bafashe imyanya, cyangwa bitewe n’ibintu bitabonerana byometse ku birahure. Usibye igihe hatanzwe amabwiriza yihariye yo kwimuka, inyamaswa zigomba kugabanywa mo ibice by’imirongo ifite uburebure buringaniye kandi itandukanyijwe n’intera ihagije kugirango bitabangamira uburyo bwo kugenda. Umuyobozi wese w’ikinyabiziga, igihe cyose bishoboka, agomba gukomeza kugendesha ikinyabiziga atwaye ku ruhande rw’iburyo rw’umuhanda kandi akegera inkombe yawo y’iburyo igihe abonye undi aturutse aho agana cyangwa agiye kumunyuraho kimwe n’igihe cyose atabona imbere ye neza. Inyamanswa zigenda mu muhanda zigomba, uko bishobotse kwose, gukomeza kugendera ku nkombe y’iburyo. Keretse hari amategeko yihariye, iyo inzira nyabagendwa igabanijwemo imihanda ibiri cyangwa itatu itandukanyijwe ku buryo bugaragazwa n’akarondorondo k’ubutaka, umwanya utanyurwamo n’ibinyabiziga, ubusumbane bw’imihanda, cyangwa itandukanyijwe n’umurongo w’umweru urombereje, abayobozi ntibashobora kunyura mu muhanda ubangikanye n’uwo bagenderamo. Iyo umuhanda ugabanijwemo ibisate bine kandi kuwugendamo bigakorwa mu byerekezo bibiri, umuyobozi wese abujijwe kunyura mu bisate bibiri biri ibumoso kandi kugenda ku mirongo ibangikanye byemewe gusa ku gice cya kabiri cy’iburyo bw’umuhanda.
Kugenda ku mirongo ibangikanye byemewe na none ku mihanda igenderwamo mu cyerekezo kimwe kandi igabanijwemo nibura ibisate bibiri. Ibyo aribyo byose, abakozi babifitiye ububasha bashobora gutegeka kugenda ku mirongo ibangikanye. Iyo, kubera ubucucike bw’ibigenda mu muhanda hiremye imirongo ibangikanye kandi irombereje abayobozi bagomba gukomeza kugendesha ibinyabiziga ku murongo umwe, keretse igihe bashaka guhindura icyerekezo kandi bakabigira ku buryo batabangamira bikabije imigendere myiza y’ibindi binyabiziga . Ibyo kugenda ku mirongo ibangikanye byemewe kandi ibisate by’umuhanda bikaba bigaragazwa n’imirongo irombereje cyangwa iciyemo uduce, abayobozi babujijwe kunyura hejuru y’iyo mirongo. Iyo umuhanda ugabanyijemo ibisate bitatu kandi ukaba ugenderwamo mu byerekezo byombi, umuyobozi wese abujijwe kugendera mu gisate cyerekeye inkombe y’ibumoso bw’umuhanda. Iyo umuhanda ugabanyijwemo ibisate bibiri kandi ukaba ugenderwamo mu byerekezo byombi, umuyobozi wese abujijwe kugendera mu gisate kiri ibumoso bw’umuhanda, keretse iyo kugana muri urwo ruhande byemewe. Umuyobozi wese ugenda mu muhanda abujijwe kurengera inzira y’abanyamaguru, ubwikinge, inkombe z’umuhanda cyangwa uduhanda tw’amagare, abigilishije uruhande urwo arirwo rwose rw’ikinyabiziga cyangwa ibyo cyikoreye.